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State Management

State management is a core feature of the AG-UI protocol that enables real-time synchronization between agents and frontend applications. By providing efficient mechanisms for sharing and updating state, AG-UI creates a foundation for collaborative experiences where both AI agents and human users can work together seamlessly.

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Shared State Architecture

In AG-UI, state is a structured data object that:
  1. Persists across interactions with an agent
  2. Can be accessed by both the agent and the frontend
  3. Updates in real-time as the interaction progresses
  4. Provides context for decision-making on both sides
This shared state architecture creates a bidirectional communication channel where:
  • Agents can access the application’s current state to make informed decisions
  • Frontends can observe and react to changes in the agent’s internal state
  • Both sides can modify the state, creating a collaborative workflow

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State Synchronization Methods

AG-UI provides two complementary methods for state synchronization:

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State Snapshots

The STATE_SNAPSHOT event delivers a complete representation of an agent’s current state: 
interface StateSnapshotEvent {
  type: EventType.STATE_SNAPSHOT
  snapshot: any // Complete state object
}
Snapshots are typically used:
  • At the beginning of an interaction to establish the initial state
  • After connection interruptions to ensure synchronization
  • When major state changes occur that require a complete refresh
  • To establish a new baseline for future delta updates
When a frontend receives a STATE_SNAPSHOT event, it should replace its existing state model entirely with the contents of the snapshot.

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State Deltas

The STATE_DELTA event delivers incremental updates to the state using JSON Patch format (RFC 6902): 
interface StateDeltaEvent {
  type: EventType.STATE_DELTA
  delta: JsonPatchOperation[] // Array of JSON Patch operations
}
Deltas are bandwidth-efficient, sending only what has changed rather than the entire state. This approach is particularly valuable for:
  • Frequent small updates during streaming interactions
  • Large state objects where most properties remain unchanged
  • High-frequency updates that would be inefficient to send as full snapshots

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JSON Patch Format

AG-UI uses the JSON Patch format (RFC 6902) for state deltas, which defines a standardized way to express changes to a JSON document: 
interface JsonPatchOperation {
  op: "add" | "remove" | "replace" | "move" | "copy" | "test"
  path: string // JSON Pointer (RFC 6901) to the target location
  value?: any // The value to apply (for add, replace)
  from?: string // Source path (for move, copy)
}
Common operations include:
  1. add: Adds a value to an object or array 
    { "op": "add", "path": "/user/preferences", "value": { "theme": "dark" } }
  2. replace: Replaces a value 
    { "op": "replace", "path": "/conversation_state", "value": "paused" }
  3. remove: Removes a value 
    { "op": "remove", "path": "/temporary_data" }
  4. move: Moves a value from one location to another 
    { "op": "move", "path": "/completed_items", "from": "/pending_items/0" }
Frontends should apply these patches in sequence to maintain an accurate state representation. If inconsistencies are detected after applying patches, the frontend can request a fresh STATE_SNAPSHOT.

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State Processing in AG-UI

In the AG-UI implementation, state deltas are applied using the fast-json-patch library: 
case EventType.STATE_DELTA: {
  const { delta } = event as StateDeltaEvent;

  try {
    // Apply the JSON Patch operations to the current state without mutating the original
    const result = applyPatch(state, delta, true, false);
    state = result.newDocument;
    return emitUpdate({ state });
  } catch (error: unknown) {
    console.warn(
      `Failed to apply state patch:\n` +
      `Current state: ${JSON.stringify(state, null, 2)}\n` +
      `Patch operations: ${JSON.stringify(delta, null, 2)}\n` +
      `Error: ${errorMessage}`
    );
    return emitNoUpdate();
  }
}
This implementation ensures that:
  • Patches are applied atomically (all or none)
  • The original state is not mutated during the application process
  • Errors are caught and handled gracefully

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Human-in-the-Loop Collaboration

The shared state system is fundamental to human-in-the-loop workflows in AG-UI. It enables:
  1. Real-time visibility: Users can observe the agent’s thought process and current status
  2. Contextual awareness: The agent can access user actions, preferences, and application state
  3. Collaborative decision-making: Both human and AI can contribute to the evolving state
  4. Feedback loops: Humans can correct or guide the agent by modifying state properties
For example, an agent might update its state with a proposed action: 
{
  "proposal": {
    "action": "send_email",
    "recipient": "client@example.com",
    "content": "Draft email content..."
  }
}
The frontend can display this proposal to the user, who can then approve, reject, or modify it before execution.

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CopilotKit Implementation

CopilotKit, a popular framework for building AI assistants, leverages AG-UI’s state management system through its “shared state” feature. This implementation enables bidirectional state synchronization between agents (particularly LangGraph agents) and frontend applications. CopilotKit’s shared state system is implemented through: 
// In the frontend React application
const { state: agentState, setState: setAgentState } = useCoAgent({
  name: "agent",
  initialState: { someProperty: "initialValue" },
})
This hook creates a real-time connection to the agent’s state, allowing:
  1. Reading the agent’s current state in the frontend
  2. Updating the agent’s state from the frontend
  3. Rendering UI components based on the agent’s state
On the backend, LangGraph agents can emit state updates using: 
# In the LangGraph agent
async def tool_node(self, state: ResearchState, config: RunnableConfig):
    # Update state with new information
    tool_state = {
        "title": new_state.get("title", ""),
        "outline": new_state.get("outline", {}),
        "sections": new_state.get("sections", []),
        # Other state properties...
    }

    # Emit updated state to frontend
    await copilotkit_emit_state(config, tool_state)

    return tool_state
These state updates are transmitted using AG-UI’s state snapshot and delta mechanisms, creating a seamless shared context between agent and frontend.

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Best Practices

When implementing state management in AG-UI:
  1. Use snapshots judiciously: Full snapshots should be sent only when necessary to establish a baseline.
  2. Prefer deltas for incremental changes: Small state updates should use deltas to minimize data transfer.
  3. Structure state thoughtfully: Design state objects to support partial updates and minimize patch complexity.
  4. Handle state conflicts: Implement strategies for resolving conflicting updates from agent and frontend.
  5. Include error recovery: Provide mechanisms to resynchronize state if inconsistencies are detected.
  6. Consider security implications: Avoid storing sensitive information in shared state.

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Conclusion

AG-UI’s state management system provides a powerful foundation for building collaborative applications where humans and AI agents work together. By efficiently synchronizing state between frontend and backend through snapshots and JSON Patch deltas, AG-UI enables sophisticated human-in-the-loop workflows that combine the strengths of both human intuition and AI capabilities. The implementation in frameworks like CopilotKit demonstrates how this shared state approach can create collaborative experiences that are more effective than either fully autonomous systems or traditional user interfaces.